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Prediction of Vibration from Impact Piling (TRL)    1/1, 1/3

The following realtion is used for the prediction of vibration from impact piling:

\nu_(res)\lek_p(sqrt(W)/r^(1.3))
where:
• k_p is an empirical scaling factor
• W is the hammer energy per blow (J)
• r is the distance from the toe of the pile to the point of interest (m)
• \nu_(res) is the resultant peak particle velocity (mm/s)
• w is the width of the vibrating drum (m)

k_p is based on ground conditions and should be a value between 1 and 5:

• k_p=1 for soft cohesive soils, loose granular soils, loose fill and organic soils
• k_p=1.5 for stiff cohesive soils, medium dense granular soils and compacted fill
• k_p=3 for very stiff cohesive soils, dense granular soils and fill containing obstructions which are large relative to the pile cross section
• k_p=5 for all piles driven to refusal

Source: Transport Research Laboratory Report 429 Groundborne vibration caused by mechanised construction works (2000), Equation 19 and Table 9